The computational tool is called PIONEER (Protein-protein InteractiOn iNtErfacE pRediction). Researchers demonstrated PIONEER's utility by identifying potential drug targets for dozens of cancers and other complex diseases in a recently published Nature Biotechnology article.
Genomic research is key in drug discovery, but it is not always enough on its own, says Feixiong Cheng, PhD, study co-lead author and director of Cleveland Clinic’s Genome Center. When it comes to making medications based on genomic data, the average time between discovering a disease-causing gene and entering clinical trials is 10-15 years.
"In theory, making new medicines based on genetic data is straightforward: mutated genes make mutated proteins," Dr. Cheng says. "We try to create molecules that stop these proteins from disrupting critical biological processes by blocking them from interacting with healthy proteins, but in reality, that is much easier said than done."
One protein in our body can interact with hundreds of other proteins in many different ways. Those proteins can then interact with hundreds more, forming a complex network of protein-protein interactions called the interactome, Dr. Cheng explains. This becomes even more complicated when disease-causing DNA mutations are introduced into the mix. Some genes can be mutated in many ways to cause the same disease, meaning one condition can be associated with many interactomes arising from just one differently mutated protein.
Drug developers are left with tens of thousands of potential disease-causing interactions to pick from – and that’s only after they generate the list based on the affected protein's physical structures.
Dr. Cheng sought to make an artificial intelligence (AI) tool to help genetic/genomic researchers and drug developers identify the most promising protein-protein interactions more easily, teaming up with Haiyuan Yu, PhD, director of the Cornell University Center for Innovative Proteomics. The group integrated massive amounts of data from multiple sources including:
- Genomic sequences from almost 100,000 individuals who were either born with disease-causing mutations or acquired them later in life (usually cancer).
- Physical three-dimensional structures of over 16,000 human proteins, and data on how DNA mutations impact those structures.
- Known interactions between almost 300,000 different protein-protein pairs.
- Their resulting database allows researchers to navigate the interactome for more than 10,500 diseases, from alopecia to von Willebrand Disease.
Researchers who identified a disease-associated mutation can input it into PIONEER to receive a ranked list of protein-protein interactions that contribute to the disease and can potentially be treated with a drug. Scientists can search for a disease by name to receive a list of potential disease-causing protein interactions that they can then go on to research. PIONEER is designed to help biomedical researchers who specialize in almost any disease across categories including autoimmune, cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological and pulmonary.
The team validated their database's predictions in the lab, where they made almost 3,000 mutations on over 1,000 proteins and tested their impact on almost 7,000 protein-protein interaction pairs. Preliminary research based on these findings is already underway to develop and test treatments for lung and endometrial cancers. The team also demonstrated that their model’s protein-protein interaction mutations can predict:
- Survival rates and prognoses for various cancer types, including sarcoma, a rare but potentially deadly cancer.
- Anti-cancer drug responses in large pharmacogenomics databases.
The researchers also experimentally validated that protein-protein interaction mutations between the proteins NRF2 and KEAP1 can predict tumor growth in lung cancer, offering a novel target for targeted cancer therapeutic development.
"The resources needed to conduct interactome studies poses a significant barrier to entry for most genetic researchers," says Dr. Cheng. "We hope PIONEER can overcome these barriers computationally to lessen the burden and grant more scientists with the ability to advance new therapies."
Xiong D, Qiu Y, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Lee D, Gupta S, Torres M, Lu W, Liang S, Kang JJ, Eng C, Loscalzo J, Cheng F, Yu H.
A structurally informed human protein-protein interactome reveals proteome-wide perturbations caused by disease mutations.
Nat Biotechnol. 2024 Oct 24. doi: 10.1038/s41587-024-02428-4